The Palatine Germans who emigrated to America during the early 18th Century and before onboard the same British ships that many Scots and Irish traveled on, tell of the disembarkation process at their destination:
“First the ones who could pay full price were allowed to pay and get off the boat. Next the healthy ones were sold (for indentured service) to their new masters for the full fee. Then the unhealthy ones were sold at auction. This process often took several weeks. If one of the family died (during the voyage), the rest of the family members were held accountable for passage fees of the deceased.”
Despite all this, the Scots/Irish, like the Germans, thought they had found the promised land. But by the end of the first half of the 18th century, the peaceful coexistence of Palatine German and Scots/Irish immigrants had worn thin. Both held firm to their respective European cultural traditions and social and religious mores. In fact, by 1743 coexistence was no longer possible in cohabited parts of Pennsylvania as reflected by this account: ”...the proprietaries, in consequence of the frequent disturbances between the governor and Irish (Scots/Irish) settlers, after the organization of York and Cumberland counties, gave orders to their agents to sell no lands in either York and Lancaster counties to the Irish; and also to make advantageous offers of removal to the Irish settlers on Paxton and Swatara, and Donegal townships, to remove to Cumberland county, which offers being liberal, were accepted by many."
William and Annester Gowin of Lunenburg County and Bedford County, Virginia
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Friday, February 6, 2009
The Kingdom of Dalriada, Principal Families of Ulster: In Ulidia (or Down) and Part of Antrim Ireland - Gowan
Please see the note below after reading.
The basic assmuption for our Y-DNA haplotype (12b1a), is that they were part of the ancient Dal nAraidhe (aka Dalriada) kingdom. This assumption is based on the same bloodline existing between a number of families that included the McGenis, McCartan, Neeson, Coulter kinship and possibly also McEvoy and McVeigh (traditionally McGenis and MacCartan branched off from each other in the sixth century AD but were always recognised as belonging to the same bloodline). Some of the information below has Irish mythology woven within - as most Irish who have attempted to establish ancient right to Ireland.
From "Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation by John O'Hart", Cionog (or Cionga), brother of Ros who is No. 63 on the "Line of Ir," p. 301, was the ancestor of MacAonghuis [oneesh]; anglicised MacGuinness, Maginnis, Magennis, Magenis, MacInnes, Guinness, Angus, Ennis, Innis, etc. The ancient Arms of this family were: Vert a lion ramp. or, on a chief ar, a dexter hand erect, couped at the wrist gu.
Number 82 on the "Line of Ir" was Aongus Gabhneach: his son; a quo O'Gaibhnaigh, anglicised Gowan, MacGowan, O'Gowan, Gibney, Smythe, Smith, etc.
The following is taken from the book "Irish Pedigrees; or, the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation" by John O'Hart, Fifth Edition, 1892
THE Chiefs and Clans of Ulidia, and the territories they possessed in the twelfth century, as collected from O'Dugan's Topography, are as follows:--
Gowan (gobha: Irish, a blacksmith) and MacGowan (modernized "Smith," "Smeeth," and "Smythe") were of the Irian race and of the Clan-na-Rory, and were mostly expelled by the English into Donegal, whence large numbers of them emigrated to the county Leitrim, and more lately to the county Cavan.
Most of the remaining information derives from the book "The Dublin Review", edited by Nicholas Patrick Wiseman, Published by W. Spooner, 1851.
The Irian race noted in the quote above derives from the irish mythology and the Milesian patriarchs, Eremon, Eber, Ir, and Ith. The Milesian came from Spain around the 3rd Century and partitioned the land between them. Ir took Ulster, Eiber took North Munster, Ith South Munster, and it is believed that Eremon held on to the areas of Leinster and Connaught. From these four patriarchs sprung a line of kings, who ruled Ireland as monarchs, or ardrigh, for more than a thousand years before the Christian era. Members of the four Milesian had shared the royal succession until it became restricted to the Eirmonians. From the reign of Nial of the Nine hostages (A.D. 400), until Brian Boroimbe, none but the Hy Niall (i.e. Eirmonians) held the royal seat.
All known descendants of Ir have traced their descent from Ruadhri, King of Ulster, about the middle of the 1st Century, before Christ. There are many probable traditional findings all tending to prove that the race of Ir at one time possessed all of the land of Ireland. They were sole masters of Ulster (primarily the small areas of Antrim and Down) for a very long period of time. The Irians were a distinct race and were later known as Cruthians or Picts. In a span of about 70 years, the Irians and their land (most of Ireland) were taken over by the Eremonians. They Irians held on to the areas of Ulster. This took place about two centuries preceeding the advent of St. Patrick.
The name "Uladh" was applied to the province of Ulster, but in after times was confined, as mentioned, to a large territory on the east of Ulster, called Ulidia. This territory was also called Dalaradia (dal: Irish, a part or portion, and Araidhe, a man's name), signifying the descendants of Araidhe, a king of Ulster in the third century; and comprised the present county Down, with a great portion of Antrim, extending from Iubhar or Newry, Carlingford Bay, and the Mourne mountains, to Slieve Mis mountain in the barony of Antrim; thus containing, in the south and south-east parts of Antrim, the districts along the shores of Lough Neagh and Belfast Lough, Carrickfergus, and the peninsula of Island Magee to Larne; and thence in a line westward to the river Bann. The remaining portion of the county Antrim obtained the name of Dalriada. Ulidia is remarkable as the scene of St. Patrick's early captivity (it being there that he was sold as a slave to a chieftain named Milcho, whose flocks he tended near Mis mountain), and is celebrated as the place where he made the first converts to Christianity; and finally, as the place of his death and burial.
Bob Gilchrist writing in Argyll Colony Plus notes: `In Northern Ireland ... the Kingdom of Dalriada came to exist, being established by a Gaelic-speaking people whom the Romans had known as the warlike and tempestuous Scotti.'
Historically we know that in the beginning of the sixty century, about the year 502 AD, Fergus, with Lorne and Angus, the three youngest sons of the Dalriada King Erc, led a great organized invasion of the Scotland coast by the warriors of Dalriada. They successfully occupied the area now know as Argyll and some of the islands including Islay. Thus the Dalriadic settlement in Argyll was founded by the three sons of Erc. These Scotti come to colonize the west Highland fringe known as Dalriada or Oirir-Chaidhell, Argyll, or `the Coastland of the Gael'. Fergus established himself as king over this area which came to be known as the Second Dalriada.
Fergus and his men were known as Scotti and they gave this name to the whole country. He chose as the center of his kingdom a site on a hillock known as Dunadd. Dunadd was the capital of Dalriada for about 345 years. The early fort sat upon a rocky knoll, thirty metres high, in the center of the plain of the Great Moss, four miles northeast of Lochgilphead. This was the seat of Fergus Mac Erc and it is said that he brought with him from Ulster the Lia Fiall - Jacob's Pillow - later to be known as the Stone of Destiny. A hillock and a rock are all that remain. Historians believe that this was the place where kings were crowned; that St. Columba crowned Aidan here in 574 AD using the disputed Stone of Destiny as the throne.
In the Downpatrick area of Ireland remained the Dal Fiatach, who irregularly shared the kingship of Ulaid (Ulster) with the Dal nAraidhe who occupied most of Antrim, and were considered kin to the Ui Eachach Cobha (Iveagh) of west Down. Both of the latter were considered an alien race by the increasingly predominant Gaels, and were dubbed Cruthin (Cruithni).
The makeup of Ulster itself is very complex. As the Gaelic clans of the Ui Neill (O'Neill, O'Donnell, etc.) rose in power, they gradually pushed the original Ulidians (Ulster people) eastward into counties Antrim, Down and northern Louth. As mentioned above, the Ulidians were establishing colonies on the Isle of Man and in the Rhinns of Galloway. Meanwhile the O'Neills continued their pressure eastwards, the Vikings raided and even settled in the 8th-9th centuries, and the Norman invaders smashed the old kingdom of Ulidia in 1177 and colonised the entire coastline of Antrim and Down. Under this funnelling effect (O'Neills to the west, Normans to the east) one must assume of long-term residents must have packed their bags and loaded their corracles, and headed off in the most convenient direction -- to Galloway Scotland just across the water.
The clans of Iveagh managed to hold out in their woody and marshy fastness, under their McGenis and McCartan chiefs, but eventually succumbed during the seventeenth century to the troubles of the Stuart period. After this time a lot of them probably made their way quietly to the New World.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE TO THE READER ABOUT THE MONARCHS (CHIEFS) OF IRELAND:
The basic assmuption for our Y-DNA haplotype (12b1a), is that they were part of the ancient Dal nAraidhe (aka Dalriada) kingdom. This assumption is based on the same bloodline existing between a number of families that included the McGenis, McCartan, Neeson, Coulter kinship and possibly also McEvoy and McVeigh (traditionally McGenis and MacCartan branched off from each other in the sixth century AD but were always recognised as belonging to the same bloodline). Some of the information below has Irish mythology woven within - as most Irish who have attempted to establish ancient right to Ireland.
From "Irish Pedigrees; or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation by John O'Hart", Cionog (or Cionga), brother of Ros who is No. 63 on the "Line of Ir," p. 301, was the ancestor of MacAonghuis [oneesh]; anglicised MacGuinness, Maginnis, Magennis, Magenis, MacInnes, Guinness, Angus, Ennis, Innis, etc. The ancient Arms of this family were: Vert a lion ramp. or, on a chief ar, a dexter hand erect, couped at the wrist gu.
Number 82 on the "Line of Ir" was Aongus Gabhneach: his son; a quo O'Gaibhnaigh, anglicised Gowan, MacGowan, O'Gowan, Gibney, Smythe, Smith, etc.
The following is taken from the book "Irish Pedigrees; or, the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation" by John O'Hart, Fifth Edition, 1892
THE Chiefs and Clans of Ulidia, and the territories they possessed in the twelfth century, as collected from O'Dugan's Topography, are as follows:--
Gowan (gobha: Irish, a blacksmith) and MacGowan (modernized "Smith," "Smeeth," and "Smythe") were of the Irian race and of the Clan-na-Rory, and were mostly expelled by the English into Donegal, whence large numbers of them emigrated to the county Leitrim, and more lately to the county Cavan.
Most of the remaining information derives from the book "The Dublin Review", edited by Nicholas Patrick Wiseman, Published by W. Spooner, 1851.
The Irian race noted in the quote above derives from the irish mythology and the Milesian patriarchs, Eremon, Eber, Ir, and Ith. The Milesian came from Spain around the 3rd Century and partitioned the land between them. Ir took Ulster, Eiber took North Munster, Ith South Munster, and it is believed that Eremon held on to the areas of Leinster and Connaught. From these four patriarchs sprung a line of kings, who ruled Ireland as monarchs, or ardrigh, for more than a thousand years before the Christian era. Members of the four Milesian had shared the royal succession until it became restricted to the Eirmonians. From the reign of Nial of the Nine hostages (A.D. 400), until Brian Boroimbe, none but the Hy Niall (i.e. Eirmonians) held the royal seat.
All known descendants of Ir have traced their descent from Ruadhri, King of Ulster, about the middle of the 1st Century, before Christ. There are many probable traditional findings all tending to prove that the race of Ir at one time possessed all of the land of Ireland. They were sole masters of Ulster (primarily the small areas of Antrim and Down) for a very long period of time. The Irians were a distinct race and were later known as Cruthians or Picts. In a span of about 70 years, the Irians and their land (most of Ireland) were taken over by the Eremonians. They Irians held on to the areas of Ulster. This took place about two centuries preceeding the advent of St. Patrick.
The name "Uladh" was applied to the province of Ulster, but in after times was confined, as mentioned, to a large territory on the east of Ulster, called Ulidia. This territory was also called Dalaradia (dal: Irish, a part or portion, and Araidhe, a man's name), signifying the descendants of Araidhe, a king of Ulster in the third century; and comprised the present county Down, with a great portion of Antrim, extending from Iubhar or Newry, Carlingford Bay, and the Mourne mountains, to Slieve Mis mountain in the barony of Antrim; thus containing, in the south and south-east parts of Antrim, the districts along the shores of Lough Neagh and Belfast Lough, Carrickfergus, and the peninsula of Island Magee to Larne; and thence in a line westward to the river Bann. The remaining portion of the county Antrim obtained the name of Dalriada. Ulidia is remarkable as the scene of St. Patrick's early captivity (it being there that he was sold as a slave to a chieftain named Milcho, whose flocks he tended near Mis mountain), and is celebrated as the place where he made the first converts to Christianity; and finally, as the place of his death and burial.
Bob Gilchrist writing in Argyll Colony Plus notes: `In Northern Ireland ... the Kingdom of Dalriada came to exist, being established by a Gaelic-speaking people whom the Romans had known as the warlike and tempestuous Scotti.'
Historically we know that in the beginning of the sixty century, about the year 502 AD, Fergus, with Lorne and Angus, the three youngest sons of the Dalriada King Erc, led a great organized invasion of the Scotland coast by the warriors of Dalriada. They successfully occupied the area now know as Argyll and some of the islands including Islay. Thus the Dalriadic settlement in Argyll was founded by the three sons of Erc. These Scotti come to colonize the west Highland fringe known as Dalriada or Oirir-Chaidhell, Argyll, or `the Coastland of the Gael'. Fergus established himself as king over this area which came to be known as the Second Dalriada.
Fergus and his men were known as Scotti and they gave this name to the whole country. He chose as the center of his kingdom a site on a hillock known as Dunadd. Dunadd was the capital of Dalriada for about 345 years. The early fort sat upon a rocky knoll, thirty metres high, in the center of the plain of the Great Moss, four miles northeast of Lochgilphead. This was the seat of Fergus Mac Erc and it is said that he brought with him from Ulster the Lia Fiall - Jacob's Pillow - later to be known as the Stone of Destiny. A hillock and a rock are all that remain. Historians believe that this was the place where kings were crowned; that St. Columba crowned Aidan here in 574 AD using the disputed Stone of Destiny as the throne.
In the Downpatrick area of Ireland remained the Dal Fiatach, who irregularly shared the kingship of Ulaid (Ulster) with the Dal nAraidhe who occupied most of Antrim, and were considered kin to the Ui Eachach Cobha (Iveagh) of west Down. Both of the latter were considered an alien race by the increasingly predominant Gaels, and were dubbed Cruthin (Cruithni).
The makeup of Ulster itself is very complex. As the Gaelic clans of the Ui Neill (O'Neill, O'Donnell, etc.) rose in power, they gradually pushed the original Ulidians (Ulster people) eastward into counties Antrim, Down and northern Louth. As mentioned above, the Ulidians were establishing colonies on the Isle of Man and in the Rhinns of Galloway. Meanwhile the O'Neills continued their pressure eastwards, the Vikings raided and even settled in the 8th-9th centuries, and the Norman invaders smashed the old kingdom of Ulidia in 1177 and colonised the entire coastline of Antrim and Down. Under this funnelling effect (O'Neills to the west, Normans to the east) one must assume of long-term residents must have packed their bags and loaded their corracles, and headed off in the most convenient direction -- to Galloway Scotland just across the water.
The clans of Iveagh managed to hold out in their woody and marshy fastness, under their McGenis and McCartan chiefs, but eventually succumbed during the seventeenth century to the troubles of the Stuart period. After this time a lot of them probably made their way quietly to the New World.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE TO THE READER ABOUT THE MONARCHS (CHIEFS) OF IRELAND:
- The whole succession is based on the legend of the rapid and complete subjugation of Ireland by the sons of Milesius. Modern historians do not accept this and prefer to think of the Celtic "conquest" as being more cultural than military and taking place over a period of many centuries rather than in a specific year.
- It is highly unlikely that any High King ever really had absolute power over the entire island. Though the numbering starts with Heber and Heremon, the first Milesian rulers, the Annals name many pre-Celtic rulers that do not appear.
- For thousands of years, there was little written history of Ireland. The Celts had an oral tradition and the stories of Kings, Chieftains and Heroes were passed from generation to generation by bards, whose jobs (and perhaps lives) were on the line if they failed to sufficiently praise and glorify their masters. Therefore, much of the "history" became influenced by political pressure and therefore inaccurate. When the annalists eventually came to put this history on paper, they had only the old traditional stories to use as raw material.
Thursday, February 5, 2009
Monday, February 2, 2009
Our Y-DNA Information - 2/2/2009
A researcher on the "I1c-Y-Clan" message board wrote that our Y-DNA (I2a2a1a formerly I2b1a1) "is fairly prolific in western County Down in Ireland. In the Bradley & McEvoy survey, the surnames Byrne, Coulter, Dunleavy, Haughey, Kelly, McCabe, McCartan, McEvoy, McGinn, McGuinness, McVeigh, Murphy and Neeson all have medieval presence in and around that county, though the Norman invasion of the thirteenth century and the Elizabethan wars of the sixteenth may have sent many off to pastures new. Other local surnames with I2b1a connections were Bell, Gillespie, Gowan(Gowin), Loughlin, McAleavey, McManus, Magee, Quinn, Ward."
It was not uncommon for the Irish and Scots to travel to and from Northern Ireland and Scotland, as most did. Indeed, the early Celts within western Scotland (Argyll, Strathclyde and the Hebrides area) that were part of the Dal Riata (and believed to be subclade M284) were cousins of the Northern Ireland tribe known as Dál nAraidi, the second kingdom of Ulster. It is doubtful whether the Dál nAraidi kingdom existed, except as a loose confederation of small kingdoms, until the 8th century, long after the Cruithne kings had ceased to have any real control over the high-kingship of Ulster.
Among the Cruthnian tribes that survived in Ireland were the Loíges and Fothairt in Leinster. The name of the first of these tribes survives in the modern form of Laois as the name of one of the counties of Leinster. The other main group lived in County Down, became allied to the Dal Fiatach kingdom, and are ancestral to the chiefs of the Magennis (sometimes spelled McGuinness) and McCartan clans. The Annals of Ulster refers to a deceased County Down man in 698 as "nepos Predani", the Latin form of a "son of the Cruthin". Despite a separate ethnic sense, the Cruithne / Cruthin groups were culturally a part of the Gaelic world at the arrival of Christianity and writing, c.500AD.
It was not uncommon for the Irish and Scots to travel to and from Northern Ireland and Scotland, as most did. Indeed, the early Celts within western Scotland (Argyll, Strathclyde and the Hebrides area) that were part of the Dal Riata (and believed to be subclade M284) were cousins of the Northern Ireland tribe known as Dál nAraidi, the second kingdom of Ulster. It is doubtful whether the Dál nAraidi kingdom existed, except as a loose confederation of small kingdoms, until the 8th century, long after the Cruithne kings had ceased to have any real control over the high-kingship of Ulster.
Among the Cruthnian tribes that survived in Ireland were the Loíges and Fothairt in Leinster. The name of the first of these tribes survives in the modern form of Laois as the name of one of the counties of Leinster. The other main group lived in County Down, became allied to the Dal Fiatach kingdom, and are ancestral to the chiefs of the Magennis (sometimes spelled McGuinness) and McCartan clans. The Annals of Ulster refers to a deceased County Down man in 698 as "nepos Predani", the Latin form of a "son of the Cruthin". Despite a separate ethnic sense, the Cruithne / Cruthin groups were culturally a part of the Gaelic world at the arrival of Christianity and writing, c.500AD.
The Blood of the Isles by Bryan Sykes and OUR Family DNA
Discussion post about the DNA results from "The Blood of the Isles" aka "Saxons, Vikings, and Celts". From the best-selling author of The Seven Daughters of Eve, an illuminating guide to the genetic history of the British Isles. One of the world's leading geneticists, Bryan Sykes has helped thousands find their ancestry in the British Isles. Saxons, Vikings, and Celts, which resulted from a systematic ten-year DNA survey of more than 10,000 volunteers, traces the true genetic makeup of the British Isles and its descendants, taking readers from the Pontnewydd cave in North Wales to the resting place of "The Red Lady" of Paviland and the tomb of King Arthur.
Our family Y-DNA results matched 100% with some of these 10,000 volunteers, specifically from those who were residing at the time in the areas of Argyll, Strathclyde, Tayside, Fife, the Hebrides (islands off the coast), and the Border region.
Argyll, archaically Argyle (Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic), is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part of ancient Dal Riata that was located on the island of Great Britain, and in a historical context can be used to mean the entire western seaboard between the Mull of Kintyre and Cape Wrath. In 1975, counties in Scotland were abolished (from Wikipedia).
The Hebrides contain the largest concentration of Scottish Gaelic speakers in Scotland. They comprise a widespread and diverse aarchipelago off the west coast of Scotland. There are two main groups, the Inner and Outer Hebrides. These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic, Norse and English speaking peoples, which is reflected in the names given to the islands (from Wikipedia).
Strathclyde is on the west coast of Scotland and stretches from the Highlands in the north to the Southern Uplands in the south. The regional administrative capital as well as the largest city was Glasgow.
All of these areas seem to correspond with the information collected via Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) matching Y-DNA results. It also appears to match with many of those that carried our surname recorded in early times (pre 1700's).
Within the Gowen Research Foundation, there is belief that the surname was associated with the JAMES BURNS family. The evidence above would certainly place our Y-DNA in a geographic region (although large) with that family, but it doesn't rule out the possibility.
However, all of this information should be taken lightly and only as a way of hopefully providing greater clarity within the context of a hypothesis.
Our family Y-DNA results matched 100% with some of these 10,000 volunteers, specifically from those who were residing at the time in the areas of Argyll, Strathclyde, Tayside, Fife, the Hebrides (islands off the coast), and the Border region.
Argyll, archaically Argyle (Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic), is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part of ancient Dal Riata that was located on the island of Great Britain, and in a historical context can be used to mean the entire western seaboard between the Mull of Kintyre and Cape Wrath. In 1975, counties in Scotland were abolished (from Wikipedia).
The Hebrides contain the largest concentration of Scottish Gaelic speakers in Scotland. They comprise a widespread and diverse aarchipelago off the west coast of Scotland. There are two main groups, the Inner and Outer Hebrides. These islands have a long history of occupation dating back to the Mesolithic and the culture of the residents has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic, Norse and English speaking peoples, which is reflected in the names given to the islands (from Wikipedia).
Strathclyde is on the west coast of Scotland and stretches from the Highlands in the north to the Southern Uplands in the south. The regional administrative capital as well as the largest city was Glasgow.
All of these areas seem to correspond with the information collected via Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) matching Y-DNA results. It also appears to match with many of those that carried our surname recorded in early times (pre 1700's).
Within the Gowen Research Foundation, there is belief that the surname was associated with the JAMES BURNS family. The evidence above would certainly place our Y-DNA in a geographic region (although large) with that family, but it doesn't rule out the possibility.
However, all of this information should be taken lightly and only as a way of hopefully providing greater clarity within the context of a hypothesis.
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